Saint Augustine Essay -- Biography

Many consider Saint Augustine of Hippo a important figure in the development of Jewish-Orthodox Christian doctrine during the early Christian Church. Augustine was born in Northern Africa in AD 354. His father was a pagan and his produce a Christian. Though his parents were not extremely well to do, they had enough money to allow Augustine to obtain an education in the liberal arts. This education will ultimately affect how he sees Christianity, in particular concerning the use of neo-Platonic ideas in Christian theology. Augustine converted to orthodox Christianity late in life. He struggled with the many earthly things he needed to give up for a complete conversion of body, mind, and soul. It is in Confessions that Augustine shows the world this struggle with and eventual conversion to orthodox Christianity. Though the conversion did not come easily, Christianity held a variety of charitable ideas for Augustine that influenced how he viewed the world in which he lived . In turn, the late conversion of Augustine allowed for his non-Christian experiences and study to use up a strong effect on how he viewed orthodox Christianity and the number of heresy-sects of Christianity that continued to thrive during his lifetime. His education also created a unique view for Augustine concerning the use of pagan philosophies in Christian doctrine. Finally, all of the experiences and views of Saint Augustine eventually had a profound influence on orthodox Christian doctrine and philosophy. Augustine was actually born a Christian and taught Christian doctrine by his mother Monica while dummy up young. However, born Christian and not interested in pagan religions, Augustine was also not particularly interested in orthodox Christianity either. He ... ...that it is Gods mercy that will save him, nothing else will. Because of this belief, Gods mercy becomes an important aspect of orthodox Christian belief. Augustine found Christianity appealing on many lev els, though the main attraction was the ability to use logic to understand religion. Augustine also understood that Gods words came in many forms, and he was not afraid to search reveal pagan ideas that fit into Christianity. Augustine is often seen as a major contributing force to the doctrine of orthodox Christianity. His learning and life experiences influenced his ideas about God, Christ, and religion. In turn, it is these ideas that have a long and lasting impact on orthodox Christianity. Both Catholics and Protestants believe that Augustine was correct in his views on orthodox Christian doctrine. His ideas are still used today to study Christianity.

moralhod Relative Morality in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay

relative Morality in Heart of shadower It has been well documented by critics that modernist literature departs from the trick betrothal of beliefs, religious beliefs in particular, evident in literature of prior periods (Abrams 1). As Jump notes ... the modern western world is less sure of its determine than around previous cultures with which we are familiar relativism and subjectivity are facts of everyday experience (15). Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is no exception. The novel does explore the place of the somebody in an increasingly complex society, but Conrads presentation specifically focuses on the moral dilemma of man in a godless world. The lack of Christianity or any other stable moral system to underpin moral decisions is evident in Heart of Darkness not only to the reader, but to Conrads characters as well. Marlows narrative presents both the human drive to have a stable conception of reality - a center - and the precedence this drive can guid e on everywhere basic moral decisions. Conrad alludes to the forms of religious faith through the infusion of religiously connotative language into the speech of both Marlow and the narrator. The narrator describes Marlow as having ... the circumvent of a Buddha preaching ... (1, 11). This characterization is strengthened by Marlow himself when describing his activity before he leaves for the Congo ... I was loafing about, hindering you fellows in your working and incursive your homes, save as though I had got a heavenly mission to civilize you(1, 16). The trip itself is then described as both a vivid musical theme and the noble cause (1, 20-21). The references to faith, Christianity in particular, set up a context in wh... ...re to seek out importee while accepting that an strong meaning may never be found. Works Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. Vol. 1. New York Norton, 1993. 1080-1125. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness I. 26 July 2002. < http//pd.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/section1.html>. ---. Heart of Darkness II. 26 July 2002. < http//pd.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/section2.html> ---. Heart of Darkness III. 26 July 2002. < http//pd.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/section3.html> Jump, John D., ed. The full of life Idiom. London Methuen & Co., 1977. Jean-Aubry, George. Joseph Conrad Life and Letters. Vol. 1. New York Page, 1966. Ed. Marvin. Conrad Collection of Critical Essays. Mudrick. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1972. moralhod Relative Morality in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness EssayRelative Morality in Heart of Darkness It has been well documented by critics that modernist literature departs from the blind acceptance of beliefs, religious beliefs in particular, evident in literature of prior periods (Abrams 1). As Jump notes ... the modern western world is less sure of its values than most previous cultures with which we are familiar relativism a nd subjectivity are facts of everyday experience (15). Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is no exception. The novel does explore the place of the individual in an increasingly complex society, but Conrads presentation specifically focuses on the moral dilemma of man in a godless world. The lack of Christianity or any other stable moral system to underpin moral decisions is evident in Heart of Darkness not only to the reader, but to Conrads characters as well. Marlows narrative presents both the human drive to have a stable conception of reality - a center - and the precedence this drive can take over basic moral decisions. Conrad alludes to the forms of religious faith through the infusion of religiously connotative language into the speech of both Marlow and the narrator. The narrator describes Marlow as having ... the pose of a Buddha preaching ... (1, 11). This characterization is strengthened by Marlow himself when describing his activity before he leaves for the C ongo ... I was loafing about, hindering you fellows in your working and invading your homes, just as though I had got a heavenly mission to civilize you(1, 16). The trip itself is then described as both a glorious idea and the noble cause (1, 20-21). The references to faith, Christianity in particular, set up a context in wh... ...re to seek out meaning while accepting that an absolute meaning may never be found. Works Cited Abrams, M.H., ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. Vol. 1. New York Norton, 1993. 1080-1125. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness I. 26 July 2002. < http//pd.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/section1.html>. ---. Heart of Darkness II. 26 July 2002. < http//pd.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/section2.html> ---. Heart of Darkness III. 26 July 2002. < http//pd.sparknotes.com/lit/heart/section3.html> Jump, John D., ed. The Critical Idiom. London Methuen & Co., 1977. Jean-Aubry, George. Joseph Conrad Life and Letters. Vol. 1. New York Page, 1966. Ed. Marvin. Conrad Collection of Critical Essays. Mudrick. Englewood Cliffs Prentice-Hall, 1972.

Expansionist Tension :: American America History

Expansionist TensionFrom 1800 to 1850 territorial amplification tore the United States apart. Territorial expansion itself was not a debated issue. Spurred by the concept of Manifest Destiny, almost everyone believed that America should extend from sea to shining sea and maybe even farther. But it was the issue of the expansion of buckle downry into the new territories that pitted the North against the southward and split our nation apart. The archetypal real crisis all everyplace territorial expansion took place in 1819-1821 over the admission of the body politic of moment. The proposed state of second was the first (beside atomic number 57 itself) to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase. It lay out of the jurisdiction of the Northwest Ordinance, which prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territories, and had a recollective tradition of slavery. Therefore, in 1817 Missouri applied to the magnetic north as a slave state. The extension of slavery so far due north and the threat of shape up expansion of slavery into all new territories of the U.S. created mayhem in Congress. In February 1819, Congressman James Tallmadge, from New York, proposed an amendment that would prohibit any new slaves to enter the state and provided that all slave children born after the picture of admission would be set complimentary at the age of twenty-five. Tallmadges gradual emancipation proviso received almost unanimous opposition from Southern Congressmen. The amendment doubly passed the North dominated House of Representatives, only to be turned down by the balanced Senate. In December 1819, Maine applied for statehood as a free state. In the end a compromise was reached where Maine would enter the Union as a free state, Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state without restrictions, but in the remaining Louisiana territory slavery would be prohibited north of 36o30 (the Mason-Dixon Line). This is now known as the Missouri Compromise. The Missouri Compromis e is commonly thought of the beginning of American Sectionalism, although signs were visible long before 1819. The Missouri contention alerted the South to the need for political unity in order to maintain the peculiar institution of slavery and alerted the whole country to the political problems inherent to watt expansion. The next jolt to national unity was over the admission of Texas into the Union. Texas had petitioned for admission as early as 1836, and the ensuing arguments in Congress over disturb the balance between free and slave states retard its admission into the Union.Expansionist Tension American America HistoryExpansionist TensionFrom 1800 to 1850 territorial expansion tore the United States apart. Territorial expansion itself was not a debated issue. Spurred by the concept of Manifest Destiny, almost everyone believed that America should extend from sea to shining sea and maybe even farther. But it was the issue of the expansion of slavery into the new territo ries that pitted the North against the South and split our nation apart. The first real crisis over territorial expansion took place in 1819-1821 over the admission of the state of Missouri. The proposed state of Missouri was the first (beside Louisiana itself) to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase. It lay out of the jurisdiction of the Northwest Ordinance, which prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territories, and had a long tradition of slavery. Therefore, in 1817 Missouri applied to the Union as a slave state. The extension of slavery so far north and the threat of further expansion of slavery into all new territories of the U.S. created havoc in Congress. In February 1819, Congressman James Tallmadge, from New York, proposed an amendment that would prohibit any new slaves to enter the state and provided that all slave children born after the date of admission would be set free at the age of twenty-five. Tallmadges gradual emancipation proviso received almost unanimous oppos ition from Southern Congressmen. The amendment twice passed the North dominated House of Representatives, only to be turned down by the balanced Senate. In December 1819, Maine applied for statehood as a free state. In the end a compromise was reached where Maine would enter the Union as a free state, Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state without restrictions, but in the remaining Louisiana territory slavery would be prohibited north of 36o30 (the Mason-Dixon Line). This is now known as the Missouri Compromise. The Missouri Compromise is commonly thought of the beginning of American Sectionalism, although signs were visible long before 1819. The Missouri controversy alerted the South to the need for political unity in order to maintain the peculiar institution of slavery and alerted the whole country to the political problems inherent to westward expansion. The next jolt to national unity was over the admission of Texas into the Union. Texas had petitioned for admission as early as 1836, and the ensuing arguments in Congress over upsetting the balance between free and slave states delayed its admission into the Union.

Offshore Banking Essay -- foreign bank, financial secrecy

onshore banking is the action of having a bank account removed of the country of residence. Since its start, seaward banking has become a considerably lucrative duty. Many of those who take part in offshore banking are looking for a skilful location to place their income or seize the opportunity of having lower taxes. However, there are those who misuse the privilege of a foreign bank and use the business ventures for illegal actions rather than the original purpose of the dealings. Offshore banks seem to have an impartial acceptance of quite a few clients inwardly the bank that name a lower standard of ethics in contrast to the ethics meant to be heldthis includes those of a political position. Furthermore, this has the potential to be detrimental to the economy.Individuals that have offshore accounts control accounts through a credit card that has a unique and individual number and secret code. These would often be referred to as identifier codes called IBNs (International B ank flier Number)where the account holder is identified by a sequence of charactersrather than the traditional system of recording names, as defined by National Westminster Bank. An IBN is non to be confused with an account number (though it not uncommon for an account number to be included) as it often varies between countries. Often times, a narration must be filed for the purpose of obtaining this information.This system helps all of these banks provide financial secrecy which is that only you and your banker would legally be allowed to know the financial activity within your account. The financial secrecy, completely different from financial privacy, includes many regulations to maintain this asset of secrecy. For example, many banks would n... ....). Democracy Now. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from http//www.democracynow.org/2011/4/15/offshore_banking_and_tax_havens_haveOffshore banking. (2014, November 2). Wikipedia. Retrieved February 20, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Offshore_bankingPurpari, M. (n.d.). How Far Offshore is Offshore Banking?. Suite101.com. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from https//suite101.com/a/how-far-offshore-is-offshore-banking-a344923Ritchie, J. (n.d.). Connect With Us. MintLife Blog. Retrieved January 27, 2014, from https//www.mint.com/blog/trends/offshore-banking/Warren, Z. (2013, September 23). U.S. government cracking subject on offshore bank accounts through FATCA. U.S. government cracking down on offshore bank accounts through FATCA. Retrieved February 20, 2014, from http//www.insidecounsel.com/2013/09/23/us-government-cracking-down-on-offshore-bank-accou

Successful and Unsuccessful Spin Doctoring Case in Public Relations Ess

This essay focuses on how reel doctoring became a phenomenon among public relations, diary keepers, politician and evening a massive campaign. This essay considers the tool used by the spin doctoring team to engage and steer public opinion. Spin team must sport a scheme in using each tool and we will discuss how this strategy affected how well the result will be. Overall, this essay has been indite to show two spin teams use different spin tools in order to change publics perspectives. The brief explanation shows how well the strategy they use to the success of the campaign and how it can be unsuccessful.The mainstream model of liberal journalism believes that its practices result in stories that are an accurate reflection of reality, journalist believe they simply hold a mirror up to society (Louw, 2010). In constructing a story, spin team must have an insight on how the society believe nowadays, and its not only to just follow that believe, exactly give society an option to consider another belief. Therefore the spin team need to understand their audience first, what is the best tool they can use as a strategy, how to talk with those audience, generate comprehensive media knowledge and the mightiness to spin current perspective. The public relations / spin industry is geared to planting stories in the media by using journalists to disseminate stories serving the spin doctors schedule (Louw, 2010). Nowadays, in developing a campaign, the role of spin team is very powerful. Its not about how well the messages received to the public or remembered but becoming a share worthy and meaningful messages that shows empathy as well as emotionally attached with everyone. The come down real beauty campaign shows a successful role of spin team, the... ...cians and Creating Celebrity. The media and political process (2 ed., p. 126). London SAGE.Louw, P. E. (2010). Spin Doctoring The Art of Public Relations. The media and political process (2ed., p. 81). London SAGE.Stampler, L. (2013, May 23). How Doves Real Beauty Sketches Became The about Viral Video Ad Of All Time Business Insider. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http//www.businessinsider.com.au/how-doves-real-beauty-sketches-became-the-most-viral-ad-video-of-all-time-2013-5Tempo (2014, January 20). 7 Ekspresi Sewot Ani SBY di Instagram -nasional- Tempo.co. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http//www.tempo.co/read/news/2014/01/20/078546694/7-Ekspresi-Sewot-Ani-SBY-di-InstagramThe Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. (n.d.). The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http//www.dove.us/Social-Mission/campaign-for-real-beauty.aspx

Successful and Unsuccessful Spin Doctoring Case in Public Relations Ess

This essay focuses on how winding doctoring became a phenomenon among public relations, journalists, politician and even a massive campaign. This essay considers the tool utilize by the spiral doctoring team to engage and steer public opinion. Spin team must have a strategy in using from each one tool and we will discuss how this strategy affected how well the result will be. Overall, this essay has been written to show two spin teams use different spin tools in order to change publics perspectives. The brief explanation shows how well the strategy they use to the success of the campaign and how it can be unsuccessful.The mainstream model of liberal journalism believes that its practices result in stories that are an accurate reflection of reality, journalist believe they simply hold a reverberate up to society (Louw, 2010). In constructing a story, spin team must have an insight on how the society believe nowadays, and its not sole(prenominal) to just follow that believe, bu t give society an option to consider another belief. Therefore the spin team need to understand their audience first, what is the trump out tool they can use as a strategy, how to talk with those audience, generate comprehensive media knowledge and the ability to spin current perspective. The public relations / spin industry is geared to planting stories in the media by using journalists to disseminate stories serving the spin doctors agenda (Louw, 2010). Nowadays, in developing a campaign, the role of spin team is very powerful. Its not about how well the messages received to the public or remembered but becoming a share worthy and purposeful messages that shows empathy as well as emotionally attached with everyone. The Dove real beauty campaign shows a successful role of spin team, the... ...cians and Creating Celebrity. The media and political turn (2 ed., p. 126). London SAGE.Louw, P. E. (2010). Spin Doctoring The Art of Public Relations. The media and political process (2 ed., p. 81). London SAGE.Stampler, L. (2013, May 23). How Doves Real Beauty Sketches Became The Most Viral Video Ad Of All clock Business Insider. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http//www.businessinsider.com.au/how-doves-real-beauty-sketches-became-the-most-viral-ad-video-of-all-time-2013-5Tempo (2014, January 20). 7 Ekspresi Sewot Ani SBY di Instagram -nasional- Tempo.co. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http//www.tempo.co/read/news/2014/01/20/078546694/7-Ekspresi-Sewot-Ani-SBY-di-InstagramThe Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. (n.d.). The Dove Campaign for Real Beauty. Retrieved April 25, 2014, from http//www.dove.us/Social-Mission/campaign-for-real-beauty.aspx

On the Concept of National Community

The piece On the Concept of National Community by Cesar Adib Majul bargonly discusses ab pop Dr. Jose Rizals analysis in his community during his time and his analysis about it as well as. The piece mainly discusses about the basic defects that tooshie be observed, that is trackable to the Filipinos. First, the defects of their educational training at home and in the schools and second is the lack of the theme perspective. As you go further on the piece, youll find yourself discovering how Dr. Jose Rizal tried to require the Filipinos understand what national sentiment is and how its absence affects the society Filipinos are into.How he tries to develop it in distributively and ein truth Filipino through his writings for he believed that its development might non only reduce indolence only when might slowly inevitably do away with what was depressive and stifling in the colonial regime. The first one that was discussed was about the kind of educational formation the Filipin os support during Spanish regime. The attempt at personal improvement beyond the formal curricular requirements was judged by the authorities as presumptuous. How the educational system stifled the development of every Filipino which would have become productive and progressive.The second that was discussed which covers almost exclusively the whole piece was about the absence of national sentiment and how each works of Dr. Jose Rizal tries to put it in every reader. And this is the thing I want to cerebrate on. Dr. Jose Rizals work are complex, it is difficult to discover a positive description of what he called national sentiment but he characterized situations that reflected its absence, and in at least one case, he pointed out an evil in the society that might be due to its absence. According to the piece, in that respect are three proscribe characterizations which can be found in La Indolencia de los Filipinos.The first one was an absence of national sentiment that allowed the individual to be guided by his get word and his self-love. Which was portrayed by the character named Dona Victorina in Noli Me Tangere due to her desire to imitate the mannerisms, the idiosyncrasies and everything associated with the Spaniards, she succeeded only in making herself ridiculous. It is free observed in these modern days. How other(a) Filipinos are more interested of imitating the foreign countries products, their language, and even their lifestyles not only among rich mass but also among the average ones.It is very heart time out to see how others have forgotten or does not pay attention to the great things that their own country have. They even leave the country and choose to rest to another country in great belief that they have more chances to be progressive out there. They are so absorbed in the other countries culture leaving behind our own. Secondly, the lack of national sentiment brings another evil which is the absence of all opposition to measure s prejudicial to the people. Another character without national sentiment was Basilio in El Filibusterismo.In spite of reminders by Simoun regarding in howeverices visited upon his mother and his brother, Basilio was not willing to take any risk in defense of justice. He had attain some achievement in the academic world, and he was graduating as a physician in a few months. He deemed it important not to yield the authorities for fear that all he had been working for would be scattered to the winds. Basilio maybe wanted to have revenge for his mother and brother but he chooses not to for fear of opposing the authorities and would bring harm to his time to come.The problem need not be one of revenge but one of preventing future injustices. Essentially, the problem is that of national sentiment because the issue raised is whether one should oppose the injustices occurring in the future, regardless of possible consequences to him who opposes. This too is still observed in our country. It can be observed from smallest crime committed (someone being rob or abused in public but those who sees them does not try to get bear on in fear of harming their own life) up to the largest one (a corruption that has been witnessed but choose to shut in silence in fear of losing his own position) .Injustice still lingers in our country and it seems that it does not stop. If only one could let himself involved and does not let himself outranked its personal interest and comfort to the social society it would have been a very different society, different story for all of us. Thirdly, the lack of national sentiment brought about the absence of any initiative in whatsoever may redound to its trade good (the peoples). The character who vividly portrayed this was Senor Pasta in El Filibusterismo he was in position to do something for what could contribute it was believed, to the final betterment of Filipino society.But he considered the whole project as one involving personal risk s and he was afraid of reprisals from vested interests. However, it is more important to note that Senor Pasta was a man who used to work for himself and who did not have the conception of other interests more general and socially more important than his own particular or personal ones. This is again observed until now. How each people ignore their chances to infix on something which could lead to social improvement. There are lots of things that the piece discussed but these are the things that caught my attention. Sad to say but the national sentiment Dr.Jose Rizal wants each Filipino to develop or to have hasnt been absorbed yet. These dilemmas that he has seen and does not want to continue are still haunting our country. If Dr. Jose Rizal is still around and is planning to write a novel or essay to tell people and make them realize how important national sentiment and loyalty to country is, I would submit him to make me a part of it for I portray each of the three negative eff ect of absence of the national sentiment. The first one is the absence of national sentiment that allowed the individual to be guided by his forecast and his self-love. I disregard Filipino songs or movies because I find it cliched. And I even consider working in the other country and live there because I find it unprogressive here in our beloved country. And I am so much interested with the literature and kind of education system in other countries that if I ever have the chance to choose where to study Id be more than willing to go there. These are the few things of the many I had which falls on the first of the three negative characterizations of absence of national sentiment. I strongly believe that I am not the only one who has this kind of thought.Instead of thinking what could be done to improve the problems that our country is facing some would prefer to think of their way out into it by leaving the country. Secondly, the lack of national sentiment brings another evil whic h is the absence of all opposition to measures prejudicial to the people. Opposing the authorities is a very sensitive issue to face. Maybe people choose not to get involve for the fear of harming himself and his family. He maybe just wants to protect himself from the powerful present of the authority not knowing that what he was doing is giving the injustice a chance to happen again.Like letting the kotong cops get your money just to let you retrovert in a traffic violation thinking that opposing them would just aggravate the situation so you just let them do what they want. It may with child(p) stupid that people are letting this to happen instead of calling the authorities to stop these little corruption but if you are going to ask me and some people we would just let them get what they wanted because in my opinion the fear of the consequences if you oppose them. And how can you even report this to the authorities if the authorities themselves are the ones who are doing the cr ime?Thirdly, the lack of national sentiment brought about the absence of any initiative in whatever may redound to its good (the peoples). Some thinks that being involved or not wont make any difference in some issues the country is facing which too bad I have thought of too. From the simplest signature campaign that was about an anti or pro ideas up to the invitation to join the movement for this or that. raft are too busy with their own lives and pay little attention to whats going on with their society or sometimes its just their indolence to participate into some movements about social improvements.Like for example is for the election of the president or voting time. Some people do not participate into it. Saying they are too busy or whether thy vote or not our country wouldnt grow or improve. Or in a simpler situation and a situation Ive been too, like protest groups are asking me to join in their movement to fight for education or homo rights but I just shrugged my shoulders on the idea thinking it would cost me so much efforts and time even I in the other apply can also see what was wrong in the system and what theyre fighting for.After reading the piece it made me realize of how important national sentiment is and the things that would happen if only everyone would have it. Ive realized that reading the history of the Philippines, singing the national anthem or saying Im tall of my country does not make me patriotic instead a true patriotic Filipino have their national sentiment and let himself involve in things that could help his country improve or grow.

Dowry system in india Essay

Dowry is derived from the ancient Hindu customs of kanyadan and stridhan. In kanyadan, the dumbfound of the bride offers the father of the groom money or property, etc whereas for stridhan, the bride herself gets jewelry and clothes at the time of her marriage, usually from her relatives or friends. In Varadakshina, the father of the bride presents the groom cash or kind. All of these could be done voluntarily and out of affection and love.The Hindu marriage system is sacramental. According to this system, a marriage is forever and there is no scope for a separation. Among the various ceremonies previously figured, the ceremony in front of a godly fire (Yajna in Sanskrit) has taken over, the old-fashioned system of marrying a wife by capture.This form of marriage began the practice of dowry, where originally, the family of the bride would accept gifts and money from the grooms family as an alternative to bloodshed during the capture of the bride. A after modification of this system has paved way for the present dowry system primarily practiced by the society.The dowry custom continues to rule our society. In majority of Indian families, the boy has legacy rights, while the girl is given a large sum at the time of her marriage in lieu of the governing regulated equal rights for girls in pargonntal property. Thus, dowry system has spread in al close to all parts of the country and sections of society. there atomic number 18 several(prenominal) reasons for the occurrence of the dowry system, except the main one is that it is a necessary precondition for marriage. No dowry, no marriage is a widespread fear. There has in any case been an appearance of a feudal mindset with a materialistic attitude in a new globalised economy.The price tag for the groom is nowadays larger and bolder. The emergence of an affluent middle class, the torchbearer of social change in modern India, is the main factor for the continuation of the dowry system.Families arrange most ma rriages, and a firearm who does not marry for love he can marry for wealth. For this man and his family, a woman becomes the ticket to shortcut riches through the system of dowry.There are a number of things people desire to have in their own houses but cannot afford they use the opportunity of a sons marriage to get them. The girls parents do not protest against variety, as they regard the union as a stepping-stone towards higher social attitude and better matches for the remaining children.Dowry as a phenomenon has gone beyond the ritual of marriage. Pregnancy, childbirth and all kinds of religious and family functions are occasions when such demands are made. A more sophisticated public image of an extended gifting session has replaced the old system.Now there is demand for receptions in marriage places. The trousseau includes designer bore for the bride and grooms family. Chefs are flown in for multi-cuisine wedding dinners. The brides family usually pays for all this.The ric h revel in the exchange of their black money, but this in turn exerts pressure on the other classes to ape them with serious social consequences. The women have become a kind of commodity.It is them who are the worst sufferers because dowry is most often a monetary agreement between two men the brides father and the groom. Caste-based practices have only added fuel to the fire. Marriages in political families are arranged to consolidate the caste base for support in electoral politics, sothey do not challenge the dowry system. Dowry rituals have now spread even to communities where they were unknown. It has gone to different castes, crossed the boundaries of provinces and education and religion. Muslims and Christians, such as the Syrian Christians of Kerala and the Roman Catholics of Mangalore have started demanding dowry.Official statistics show a rigid rise in dowry crimes. More and more women are kil lead every year in India for dowry. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh still record the maximum number of dowry crimes, but Bangalore, Indias fastest growing city also shows an alarming rise four women reportedly die every day because of dowry harassment and municipal violence.The cases of dowry torture are the highest accounting for 32.4% of crimes against women in the country.The Dowry Prohibition Act, in force since 1st July 1961, was passed with the purpose of prohibiting the demanding, heavy(p) and taking of dowry.In 1980, the government activity setup a committee that recommended amendments in the Dowry Prohibition Act and also suggested expanding the definition of dowry and instituting family courts and National Commission for women. Many parliamentary debates led to some amendments in 1983,1984 and 1986.To stop the offences of cruelty by husband or his relatives on the wife, Section 498-A was added in the Indian Penal Code and Section 198-A in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1983.The Dowry Prohibition Act clearly stipulates that a person who gives or takes or helps in the giving or taking of dowry can be sentenced to jail for 5 years and fined Rs. 15,000/- or the amount of the value of dowry, whichever is more.The Act also prohibits the giving and taking directly or indirectly any property or valuable security, any amount either in cash of kind, jewelry, articles, properties, etc. in regard of a marriage.The control is provided by stating a limit and names of people gifting and their relationship to the married couple to be signed by both sides of parents.In 1986, the Act was amended again, empowering State governments to appoint Dowry Prohibition Officers, who not only had a preventive role but also had powers to collect distinguish against people who took dowry.Despite protest by womens organisations, serious activism, legal amendments, special police cells for women, media support and heightened awareness of dowry being a crime, the practice continues unabated on a massive scale. Despite every stigma, dowry continues to be the signature of marriage.Women need real social, political, financial and moral support in their fight against the system. They have to be empowered so that they can take their decisions about their own life by refusing the dowry system.

Analyses of Little Red Cap Story

Almost the whole story takes place somewhere in a village surrounded by mute forests. Story is set rather in the past time, but as I see it, its imaginative which makes it impossible to decide really when this really occurred. Nature is well described and there are even some good detail descriptions. For instance . sunbeams dancing here and there through the trees, which do the best impression on me. Description of the nature was undeniably very important. Mainly because I think that by describing the nature well, the writer wanted to become flat kids away from lonely forests. lilliputian Red-cap can be described as a young, innocent girl that is going trough a period of time, where everything seems right. She seems to be well nurtured, which is shown in the text when she accepts her moms favor. In the same time she makes some bad decisions (ex. letting the wolf know everything) which shows her obvious immaturity. She is loved by everyone. The human relationship between her and the grandmother are maybe strongest one of them all. If she really develops at the end the story is hard to say. It is true that she says in the very last lines of the text that she will from now on listen better to her mother.However, story ends with little Red-cap saying this, so what she actually does afterwards remain unknown. Symbols can be seen from diverse perspectives. According to me Little red-cap represents a immature human being, with proper behavior but also with a lack of knowledge. Unable to see evil herself, she opens herself up, and gives breeding to others, not thinking about the possible consequences. Wolf is the unseen evil, that represents trouble for the human being. The huntsman represents help. He is mature and he is aware of evilness.In a way he could be seen as God. He is giving the human being a second chance. Although the wolf caused trouble for the human being, in a way he helped her. Without him and his acts, the human being would perhaps still make s ame mistakes, which is, not listening to elders. The language used in the story is a bit odd and old. The writer used words like whither, craftily, nosegay, thou, thee. I didnt found it hard to read, but I believe that the story could be a bit more interesting if the writer used more modern and frequent words and phrases.The good thing about the text is that it was two narrative and had some dialogues in it. It is more interesting that way. The story is not exactly emotional, neither is the used language. This however doesnt stop it from being a good version of Little Red Ridding Hood. When I read this pantywaist fib I didnt felt anything, simply because of the fact that it is a fairy tale. In the mean time it made me think about my childhood and the days when I was sitting in front of TV for hours, watching Little Red Ridding Hood. I remember it was one of my absolute favorite fairy tales.It felt nice to rewind that time. Right now, I dont really be possessed of much to say abo ut it. I personally havent learnt anything about life by reading this fairy tale now, but I know that it changed my thinking when I read it and saw it on TV as a child. Little Red RiddingHood is a great fairy tale for kids because in the same time as it entertains it is informing kids to be more careful with the strangers. Not only that, it also conveys a message that if you dont want to get in trouble, then you should listen to elders and be more obedient.

Most important Invention: The Computer Essay

When we think about technology mostly the first thing that comes to my headway is the image of a computer. Technological advancements such as computer brace been designed to help humans and make the lives easy. In fact, computer is the Most all important(p) Invention because they can display and let you manipulate save information, and it is used in almost all fields . First of all computer have multi-tasking features that can minimize the work you have to do. The cheapest computer has at least the basic tasks such as mathematic that help you when you need to doing something in short judgment of conviction . For example, the only thing you must do is to type the information needed and its weare. Secondly, computer can display and let you manipulate save information. You dont need to use paper to save any information on shelves .You can have as many files as you can in a computer and organize them the way you like it without having to use any space. Finally, computer is used in a lmost all fields such as education, and any type of job. For example, you can use computers to play videogames, watch movies, listen to music and chat on the internet. So, computer is the most important Invention because you through the work in short time consumption on the activities, you can save the information and edit it anytime, and they let you do almost anything you need. Computer is nib of communication, and tool of education that can save money and time . You can have all the information in one place and dispose of it at the moment you need.

Comparing and Contrasting The Conflict Scenes in “Great Expectations” and “Of Mice and Men” Essay

A major point in each of these films ar the fight or conflict perspectives and although they appear in different points in the story they still have an equ every last(predicate)y large effect on the chief(prenominal) story line. In of Mice and Men this conflict between Curley and Lennie is really not try by any major incidentors apart from the fact that Curley is a bully. He only chooses to pick on Lennie because he thinks he can win either fashion when picking on a big man, because if he wins he has won the fight, and if he looses he can say he won to a larger opponent. This is why Curley picks Lennie when in fact all the other(a)s were the ones who were macrocosm detailed of him. all(a) Lennie had to do was smile to fudge Curley hit him You could say he was in the wrong place at the wrong eon, which is incisively what Pip was in Great Expectations this was what caused Magwitch to pick on Pip. Magwitch was not retaliating to any social function Pip had done in the same way that Curley was not retaliating to anything that Lennie had done, although he does make the false accusation that Lennie was express emotion at him.We do not get by any past history ab reveal Great Expectations apart from the fact that Pips mother and father argon stillborn although this really does not have anything to do with this conflict. We find out later that Magwitch is an escaped convict and so he was merely seek to get intellectual nourishment. In of Mice and Men, however, we do know some past history behind the conflict. Curleys wife is a flirt exclusively Curley doesnt seem to realise this so when the great unwashed say something or so his wife he feels confronted and in this case he releases his aggression physically and he releases it on Lennie because he thinks that is the fight he is to the lowest degree likely to loose. The two combatants in the conflict scene from of Mice and Men are Lennie and Curley. Curley comes across as a small muscular ex-boxer w ho is quick on his exploit and very intentionally aggressive. Lennie on the other hand is portrayed as a large soft figure who is naive, innocent and very dep send awayant (on his change of location partner George) and is therefore never intentionally aggressive towards anyone.The men are almost total opposites of each other this is similar to the end of Great Expectations where Magwitch, the ex-convict meets up with the perfect gentleman he has produced, who happens to be his former combatant Pip from the beginning of the book. In Great Expectations Magwitch is presented as particularly dangerous person at first however later in the book we realise he is in fact a complicated person who was never really trying to hurt anyone. He was obviously born into this social class where he was bound to end up having to steal for food anyway and in fact later in the story he says his earliest memory was stealing cabbages from a farmers patch So when it comes to Magwitch being a criminal, he really didnt have any choice in the matter. Pip, who the story is about is portrayed as a person with as the story is named Great Expectations, he doesnt seem to be happy with growing up to be unless an average worker. So it really must be an amazingly kind and utilise man, who despite being a convict, manages to produce this perfectly crafted young gentleman.Which in the end causes Magwitch to be executed when he comes over to see what all his bills and effort has produced. A main feature in of Mice and Men is the wrangling and phrases used to describe and create atmosphere in relation to the conflict scene between Curley and Lennie. This includes many references and comparisons between the two men and animals. It run lows near the beginning of the conflict when Curley tries to intimidate Lennie by walking over and staring at Lennie. In The book Steinbeck describes it by writing, Curley stepped over to Lennie like a terrier. This is a good simile as it really does emphasise Cu rleys small but snappy character. then later on when Curley has started hitting Lennie Steinbeck describes Lennie as Bleating. Later on in the fight, however, when Lennie fights linchpin and grabs Curleys hand, this action is described in the book as Curleys clenched fist being lost in Lennies paw. Also as a consequence of this action Curley ends up, Flopping like a fish This may not be intentional by Steinbeck but bears are a natural predator of fish, which would agree with the comparisons.Yet we already know that Curleys, natural targets have been bigger men, so it is a contrast of this when Curley himself becomes the prey. In the conflict scene in this book there are a fate of verbs to suggest Curleys boxing career, for example on page 66 when Curley first starts to hit Lennie it says, Curley was balanced and poised. He slashed at Lennie with his left, and then smashed down his nose with a right All these tidingss show that Curley really was just beating Lennie up at this poi nt. Lennie was not retaliating at all he was just taking the huge blows from Curley. Its seems as if he does not realise that he can fight back, Lennie gave a cry of terror. George He cried Make him let me alone George as he sanction up against the wall Lennie, even when in the most dangerous and threatening situations where you would have though natural instinct would set in, still calls for Georges charge or help.It is Lennies lack of ability to do things for himself, which eventually leads to his downfall. The language also plays a big part in the story, In Great Expectations the words and phrases also play a big part in displaying the action happening during the conflict although generally they are used to show the actions and feelings of the characters rather than the physical conflict because the conflict in this story is less dramatic. For example phrases such as, I pleaded in terror I was dreadfully frightened. and He muttered then con military positionring. all show emoti onal or mental states which do help you imagine the situation however the developed physical action is not portrayed as if it was extremely violent which is because although it is a conflict, the two combatants are not really engaging in any kind of physical fight. The most dramatic thing that happens in this meeting is when Magwitch grabs Pip and shakes him upside down by his ankles, which probably hurt Pip somewhat.All that is said about this in the story however, is, He turned me upside down and emptied my pockets. this does not make it sound particularly dramatic. This is because it is not done as an intentionally hurtful thing to try and cause harm to Pip it is just Magwitch trying to get food from Pip. Even when Pip is defending himself, it is never physically. in that location are only two times when he really tries to stop Magwitch from hurting him and the first of these is at the top of page 2when he says, Dont cut my throat sir, and then on page 3 when he says, If you w ould kindly please to let me keep upright, sir, perhaps I shouldnt be sick, and perhaps I could attend more. In both of these instances Pip regards his attacker with the utmost of respect and tries to reason with him despite the fact that this man he has never met has threatened to kill him.In this way the language shows the reader how Pip feels and how they are behaving, whereas in of Mice and Men we get mainly a physical side to the fight because that conflict is a lot more actual fighting than in the conflict between Pip and Magwitch. In Great Expectations there are no other characters watching when the actual conflict occurs and so the meeting is a lot less about show than it is in of Mice and Men where Curley is really just trying to show the other men that he is still a good fighter and is in charge physically as well as being the bosses son. This fails though, when Lennie successfully retaliates. There are a lot more people who have a role in the conflict in of Mice and Men t han there are in Great Expectations. In Great Expectations Pips has done nothing to provoke the attack and he does not have any real family who could have done so and Magwitch is a convict. The only person we could say, that had a role in this conflict would be the person who Magwitch escaped with because he was the one who helped him escaped and who Magwitch said the food was for.Although this escaped partner turns out to be the person who lets him down by giving him in to the police. In of Mice and Men George is other main character that plays a big role in this conflict. Because Lennie is so dependant on George, he has to stay around him all the time or he may do something which will end up with them leaving their jobs or having to leave town. He gives Lennie all the right advice about Curley, yet Curley still finds an excuse to hit him. So George is entirely just in telling Lennie to hit back in this situation. Even though he doesnt do it at first, in the end Lennie fights back and with incredible force. Seeing as Lennie takes every instruction from George, you could say it was George who was fighting back against Curley because if it werent for him then Lennie would have just sat back and taken the beating until he was knocked out or until someone stepped in. Another character who had a role in this conflict was Curleys wife.Curley does not know how to control her flirting and so he just tries to make everyone to scared to even talk to his wife. This works with the workers and they wont go near her but this makes her try harder to get their attention. This is what puts Curley in a bad mood before the conflict because they all gang up on him about his wife. Ironically the only person who doesnt say anything is Lennie and he is the one who Curley picks to beat up. This conflict in of Mice and Men makes us think that Curley has got his comeuppance and that Lennie is some kind of hitman because we naturally feel sorry for the underdog who triumphs over a co cky adversary. We feel a justice has been done and this makes us want to know what Curley is going to do to get back at him. All finished the story I think we know that Lennie is going to eventually kill someone so we are always looking for who we think it will be. This conflict makes us proud of Lennie for beating Curley although we still feel sorry for him despite the fact that he has just physically assaulted and seriously injured another human being. It is strange how Steinbeck gets us to feel this range of emotions through a relatively unreserved fight. We want to know what will happen next and it brings action to the book which makes us think that the end will be even more dramatic. In great expectations we are given an opening to the story. We know almost nothing about the plot yet we want to read on to find out what relevance this conflict has to the main story line, almost like the chase at the beginning of a James Bond movie. We are enjoying the action and we are introdu ced to the main character but we still want to find out what the main plot is going to be afterwards. This is not the main action in the story but it is still primary(prenominal). This is the same in of Mice and Men where we know this conflict between Curley and Lennie is not the main action but it is still important and makes us want to know what is going to happen to the characters at the end of the story. The conflict in of Mice and Men is more about catharsis than resolution Steinbeck is not trying to solve a problem by demo you this fight, which is a climax of the story so far.He is also not showing you a happy ending to the fight he is posing a problem, which to some extent is never solved throughout the book. By showing the reader Lennies attempt at doing something bad we in reality see what a good person he is by the way he reacts afterwards and even during the conflict. He cries and shouts as if he has no control over what he is doing to Curley. This is the main theme of the book and once you can see this, you can start to empathise and eventually feel sorry for Lennie, which I think is Steinbecks overall aim in the story. By bringing out Lennies bad side, the author is showing a side of the character that happiness cannot. However when it comes to Lennie, this shows us that he does not have a really bad part to his personality. It is almost through being innocent, that Lennie appears not to be to blame, as he is not clever enough to have unjust just anger towards someone.Although at the same time it is because of his innocents and naivety that he doesnt realise all he has to do is let go, and the madness will stop. However no matter how you look at this Innocent/Harmful side of Lennie, it is still is what causes all the deaths in this book. Yet not one of these deaths or injuries is caused by Lennie intentionally trying to hurt another human being apart from when he hurts Curleys hand in this conflict. It is the only time we really see Lennie int entionally doing some harm, and this is only after being beaten up by an ex-professional boxer and then told to do it by George So in this way the conflict is not really solving anything. This is exactly the same as in Great Expectations where we see Magwitch stealing food from Pip. Dickens is showing us the bad side of this character right from the start and at first glance we assume he is an evil criminal and a bad person.However if we look closer we see that the bad side of this person is actually not trying to be bad and scary, its just how it looks. For example the first thing Magwitch says is, Hold Your Noise Cried A Terrible Voice. The word terrible makes us assume that this person is bad but really he is just trying to make Pip be quiet so he does not cause any attention to himself. He is only robbing Pip for food he is stealing for survival. So he is not actually trying to do a bad thing. Like how Lennie never does bad things intentionally in of Mice and Men. The conflict s cenes in both these books are not about intentional harm or causing pain to another person (with exception of what Curley is doing to Lennie) they are about people doing these things because they have to, not out of choice. The stories make you empathise with the main combatants despite the fact they are doing something wrong.

Primary and Secondary Succession Essay

Ecosystems be environments where biotic (living) organisms and abiotic (non-living) components interact together to create a functional, complex network of nutrient and postcode cycling. These balanced environments take time, sometimes many years, to develop. During the course of development, species are replaced by other species within the ecosystem, a process known as term. first-string chronological succession happens when species grow in locations where organisms have never previously existed. Secondary succession occurs after an ecosystem disturbance. The basic difference between prime and secondary succession is the heading of soil. When primary succession begins, soil is not present in the drive of secondary succession, soil is already in place. What occurs during primary and secondary succession? How posterior an ecosystem recover from a natural or man-made disaster? By examining the workings of an ecosystem and a case of primary and secondary succession, environment al scientists git find the answers to these questions.What is an Ecosystem?As stated above, an ecosystem is a place where biotic and abiotic components interact within their environment. Living parts of an ecosystem include animals and plants. These animals and plants perform roles of producers, consumers, or decomposers. According to Raven & crisphead lettuce (2004), these three roles are indispensable within ecosystems. Producers provide food and oxygen, consumers create balance between producers and decomposers, and decomposers prevent accumulation of dead organisms and waste products (p. 72). Non-living components of ecosystems include soil, sun, and hold up conditions. Working together, the biotic and abiotic components cycle nutrients within the ecosystem. This is vital action because without nutrients the ecosystem and its inhabitants would not survive. Where do ecosystems come from and how do they begin? The answer lies in the definition of primary succession.Primary Suc cessionThe very beginning of an ecosystem happens when primary succession occurs. After devastation from volcanism, glaciations, or sand dunes, an environmentis devoid of soil and living organisms do not exist. From this barren emptiness, primary succession begins with a pioneer community. Raven and Berg (2004) give an example of primary succession within Glacier Bay, Alaska (p. 87). In the case at Glacier Bay, rocks remain after a glaciers retreat and the pioneer community is lichens. The lichens form soil, where colonies of moss thrive. The soil condition slowly progresses to the point where grasses and ferns can grow. last the soil increases enough for shrubs to grow. Thanks to primary succession, over time the emptiness of Glacier Bay becomes a forest community. Once living organisms unite with non-living components, much uniform what happened at Glacier Bay, a new ecosystem is born. As the example at Glacier Bay has shown, primary succession is a birthing process. On the other hand, secondary succession is similar to a re-birthing process. To see how the re-birthing process works, environmental scientists can travel to Yellowstone National viridity or North Carolina.Secondary SuccessionWhat happens when an ecosystems authoritative cycle experiences a disturbance such as from fire or human activities? Once disturbed, ecosystems proceed through periods of changes that affect their structures and functions. This process of change, known as secondary succession, occurs very quickly because soil is already present. An example of severe destruction followed by a re-birth occurred in Yellowstone National Park. As a takings of the fires that burned in the park in 1988, 1.2 million acres was scorched ecosystem wide (The Great energizes of 1988, n.d.). Amazingly, secondary succession happened quickly in Yellowstone National Park and within one-year herbs and lilies covered the ground area (Raven and Berg, 2004, p. 87).Another example of secondary succession is witnessed in North Carolina where abandoned farmland progresses through more or less predictable restoration stages. For the first year, the uncultivated farmland is overcome with crabgrass. The second year finds horseweed dominating the area. Since the horseweed roots strangle the horseweed seeds, the third base year observations find completely different dominating species within the ecosystem. Regardless of which species dominate, the ecosystem has successfully experienced a re-birth thanks to secondary succession.Humans and EcosystemsMany scientists are trying to learn all they can about ecosystems by observing healthy, thriving ecosystems in action. Humans, even though their intentions are often good, can perturbation the fine balance that exists in an ecosystem. Some examples are land clearing and damming can upset the sediment yield within river systems. A local experience is actively testing two hypotheses regarding trophic structure and its affect on estuaries. This pro ject is a joint effort between many organizations including the National erudition Foundation. Many scientists all over the world are attempting to find answers to questions about saving natural ecosystems. Only in this way will our Earth be able to sustain future generations.ConclusionSince the components of ecosystems all work together to sustain their environment, changes in any single part of the process, biotic or abiotic, can affect the entire ecosystem. Outside influences can also wreak havoc on an established ecosystem. These disturbances can result from natural or man-made disasters. Primary and secondary succession, although their instances of occurrence differ, both provide a type of birth and re-birth to an ecosystem. By observing and studying ecosystems, along with primary and secondary succession changes, environmental scientists can learn how to help and not harm Earths precious ecosystems.ReferencesBearmans Yellowstone Outdoor Adventures, (n.d.). The great fires of 1988. RetrievedJune 24, 2005, from Yellowstone National Parks Year of Fire web sitehttp//www.yellowstone-bearman.com/yfire.htmlBerg, L. & Raven, P. (2004). Environment (4th edition). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons.

Africa Change over Time Essay

Around the period during the second World War and the Cold War, a Red stimu young went on in the most powerful and influential capitalist countries of the world. The Red Scare was basically a fear of the spread of communism. According to the Domino Theory, which was real in that era, if a specific country turned to communism, communism would soon spread to all the former(a) countries in that area. This fear caused the United States to jump into operation at the slightest sign of communist influence in many an(prenominal) places in the world, especially subsaharan Africa.However, over the years, this fear has eased, and the U. S. is more prone to attempting to aid these nations, rather than destroying them. In sub-Saharan Africa, from around 1900 to present day, conditions on that point harbor both changed and stayed the same. On one hand, western interlocking in the area has changed, plainly on the other hand, the constant polite wars and oppressive circumstances from the pa st still exist today. Sub-saharan Africa from the beginning of the 20th century up to this present day has been chthonic constant civil war.South Africa, Sudan, Mozambique, Angola, Ethiopia and Zaire (or the Republic of Congo) are good examples of this. South Africa was first colonized by the Dutch who integrated themselves into the country. However, in the late 19th century, the English conquered South Africa and moved the Boers (the Dutch-Africans) to the north of the country where they clashed with the native Zulu sept. When diamonds where later discovered in that area, the Dutch and the English had wars for the territory.In Sudan, a fundamentalist Islamic group that sits at the head of the government was at civil war with a rebel Christian group. The main reason for this conflict was the overt religious differences. This conflict has ruined many crops and homes of civilians and forced many others to flee the country. In Mozambique the civil So? a Gruber war there was a deleg ate war mingled with the Soviet Union, that influenced a Marxist government in that area, and the U. S. , that sponsored a rebel movement to usurp the communist government.Similarly, in Angola and Ethiopia, a proxy war, sponsored by the two Cold War superpowers tear the countries apart, causing widespread famine and nurtureing. Finally, the civil war in Congo, that has lasted for decades, was a tug for power between both left and right leaders who, nonetheless, where all power hungry and corrupt. In sub-saharan Africa, there is a continuous pattern of oppression of the people. The examples for this depend to be endless, between constant genocides and militaristic dictators, the people in sub-saharan Africa suffer and die in squalor.In Rwanda, a mass genocide erupted when the Hutu tribe blamed the Tutsi tribe for their leaders death. In a time span of 100 days, nearly 8000 people died, and countless more were injured in unspeakable ways. Throughout all of Africa, the use of child soldiers has become extremely popular. It is not uncommon for a 10 year old boy (sometimes in time younger) to be drugged and paraded down the street while they shot innocent civilians and mutilated them. The living conditions in many nations are unspeakable.Many families live in shacks with no running water, and very few of them have any means of contact to the outside world (television, phones, radio, ect. ). Constant civil war force many families to flee their country, creating refugees for other countries, who stick them all in refugee camps. Most methods of war involve hurting civilians, in Sudan, a popular resistance method was scorched-earth policies. Here, armies would slew down everything that would be essential to life, ensuring that no aid would be available to their opponent.In South Africa, mostly, apartheid was practiced to the extreme. Not only were there segregated bathrooms and schools, but entire towns. A white minority would live in splendor, while the black, na tive majority would live in squalor. From 1900 to present day, the worlds involvement in sub-saharan Africa has drastically changed. Western involvement in sub-saharan Africa mainly consisted in imperialistic motives and proxy wars. However, its started to change into wanting to help improve the standard of living. South Africa is a very good example of this.In the times of imperialism, England and Holland both had interest in South Africa. England wanted to create colonies there and the Dutch were already there. After the Dutch kicked the English out of the country, they set up their own personal empire in the region. They created a world where whites govern over blacks. The insalubrious living conditions there for the native black majority eventually set off the rest of the world. After years of both innate and external pressure, the South African government finally ended apartheid in the country.This type of change goes on in many African countries. Most of these countries suff er due to futile proxy wars set up in the region by both Soviet and American forces. After decades of watching this fighting, the world obstinate to step in and help. Red Cross is sent in there to aid and occasionally, the United Nations tries to stop these wars. Non-profit organizations, such as UNICEF and Hand Up Africa instigate western civilians to take part in working for peace in the sub-saharan African nations.Despite the change in western attitude towards sub-saharan African nations, most of them still are under the threat of constant civil war and their people live in oppressive circumstances. Many of these civil wars were caused by the American fear towards communism and tribal and religious differences. These conflicts bring rise to militaristic dictatorships and decrease the standard of living prominently. However, in retrospect, western nations seemed to have repented for their destruction of the large continent and continuously attempt to rebuild it.

Collete’s “The Murderer” and “The Tell-Tale Heart” by Edgar Allen Poe Essay

Explore the quasi(prenominal)ities and differences between Colletes The Murderer and The Tell-Tale touchwood by Edgar Allen Poe.In this essay I will write approximately the Tell-Tale Heart which was written in the nineteenth century, and The Murderer which was written in the twentieth century. I will comp atomic number 18 them in a number of ways language, settings, suspense, charactersIn The Tell-Tale Heart the mood is typical of Edgar Allen Poe in that he wrote about murders in dark gothic houses this creates a mood of tension that something is about to happen suddenly and drives us to use up faster and faster until suddenly the climax is upon the victims or sometimes, on a anti-climax. The narrator uses short sentences that argon filled with active verbs to describe the story. Whereas the mood in The Murderer is quite calm and non-threatening. There is no haste to the words. This is very different to The Tell-Tale Heart.In The Tell Tale Heart the narrator does non tell us exa ctly where he is but he does tell us that in that location are creaky floor boards and heavy doors there are also mice. This leads us to believe that he is in a gothic house that is quite old. The narrator does not tell us about the last directly but mention the wind in the chimney which suggest mid-winter.In the murderer there are a mussiness of different places, the murder scene, out side the newsagents, the flat where he slept and worked, from each one of them described in detail.The murder scene was a stationary notions shop as with the tell drool heart during the whole story there is only a few references to the weather such as a brief shower and that darkness cam suddenly apron them.The themes of the stories are both murders. The strangest one of the twain stories is the murderer because the main character, Louis, kills his victim, for no reason that we know of, but there is a clear pauperization in the tell tale heart. The eye. The old mans evil eye this is the thing t hat drives the murderer to kills the old mans predator eye the eye with a pale blue film over it.The main character in The Tell Tale Heart is a person who talks about him self a lot in the story ands says a few things like never before that night had I mat the extent of my powers.I think this person is insane (he spent an hour to look through a door) He is nighly in self-denial but he does say the disease has sharpened my senses -not finished them this becomes exenterated when he says he heard all the things in heaven because of the acute sense of hearing he has acquired from being mad.The main character of the tell tale heart is a mystery because they does not utter their sex or their age, or any of their physical looks. Where in the murderer we know that Louis is good tone and has a swarthy face that girls like to smile at.I think that, whilst these authors have crated stories that are similar in theme they have there own way of introducing the characters and victims of the story. Also the setting is very different. I like them both for they are very griping and leave a great deal of the story to the readers idea but my favourite is The Tell-Tale Heart because of the way the nature of the murderer is very well presented and has left me opinion about it.The very way that he calmly killed him with out no little voice in his head telling him what he is doing is wrong chills me to the bone. This is a little detail that Poe was very clear about for although he was insane (As I have flowered out before the evidence for this case is not in short supply) he was still a human being and as one of them I condemnable disturbed that one human can do that to a fellow human. Humans are the most dangerous species because of our actions. Our kind is the only ones that ill because they feel like it. Not because they are hungry or in danger but because of pure spite. This is one of the many dangers of free will and Poe and collate point this out in the most disturbin g ways imaginable.

Chapter6: Advertising Design

Chapter6 Advertising Design 1. How lay roughly the hierarchy of set up model and a means-ends analysis jock an advertizing creative design discover commercials? 6steps of hierarchy of do Aw beness-Knowledge-Liking-Preference-Conviction- leveraging The six steps be sequential, although some experts question if they ar really sequential. But, the basic model says they are sequential and that consumers overlook some time at each step. For instance, before a consumer go off care a tar fare, they premier(prenominal) must be aware of it and develop some knowledge of it. To develop blade loyalty, consumers must go d star all six steps.It is similar to military capability formation and the cognitive-affective-conative sequence. Cognitive affair of attitude is the awareness and knowledge. Affective particle of attitude is the liking, favorence, and conviction. Conative component of attitude is the purchase. The second theory that it is primal to consider is means-end th eory. The basic concept is that a means, the nub, leads to an end-state, or someoneal value. The model suggests six elements that are minute to ad design. Product places lead to consumer benefits. The leverage point connects that benefit to the personal value.Taglines are apply to steel an signifi thronet and memorable point nigh the ware. 2. How quarter leverage points and taglines growth publicise strongness? supplement points are crucial. They move consumers from the benefits to the personal set. It links attributes to benefits to personal values. The leverage point should be associated with some component of attitude depart. To be powerful, ads need powerful leverage points. The leverage point jakes be a optical, part of a visual, a headline, a tagline or even copy in the ad. Most creatives spend considerable time regarding about and creating a good leverage point.Taglines are come across phrases in an advertisement. They are designed to be memorable, uniqu e, and offer a special meaning about the mail. Taglines privy exit consistency crosswise ads and crosswise de none campaigns. Taglines become identified with a specific patsy and crown either specific ad or ad campaign. Developing good taglines is main(prenominal) beca practice it lives with that grunge and is rough a long time, such as Nikes tagline Just Do It. While taglines can be changed, companies fuddle to be careful not to confuse nodes and convey conflicting messages about the brand. 3.What enjoyments do visual and literal images interpret in advertisements? The last theory of design to be considered is the relationship between the verbal and visual elements of an advertisement. Most ads imaginek to energise a balance between visual and verbal, but normally one will be much dominant than the former(a). One reason for the change is that visual touch is easier for consumers to pull away. visuals are chisel ind in the brain both as pictures and as wor ds. Concrete images tend to be remembered better than abstr number visuals. If consumers can wee a mental image or picture, it actually is superior to beholding the visual, in terms of recall.So radio ads that can express listeners use their imagination and picture the product work very comfortably. Visual esperanto is the ability of a visual to transcend cultures and languages conveying the same meaning. It is especially in effect(p) in international ads where advertisers ask to convey the same message to every mart in the world. Business-to- note ads in the past emphasized verbal content, but in recent years dupe moved to more visuals. 4. What are the seven main types of advertising appeals? * Fear * Humor * Sex * Music * Rationality * Emotions * scarcity 5. How can fear be use to create an effectual ad?Fear appeals are public and are used for products ranging from insurance, to home aegis administrations, to deodorant. Fear appeals increase interest and are remember ed by individuals. grimness is the take aim of consequence that will cost and vulnerability is the opportunity of the event happening. Response efficacy is the likeliness that a change in carriage or actions will result in a delectable arbitrary consequence. Intrinsic reward is the internal satisfaction and extrinsic reward is the value of the event or reward received. Response cost is the cost or sacrifice the person will need to make to obtain the reward.Self-efficacy is the confidence a person has in his/her own ability to engage in the action, or to stop an undesirable behavior. All of these factors influence the potence of an ad using a fear appeal. The behavioral response model explains how fear appeals work. For a product, such as a home security system ad can snap on severity, what happens when a home is broken into, or the vulnerability, which would be the probability of it actually overstepring. The ad can show the negative consequence of such an event. An ad can show the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards from installing a security system.Response efficacy can be illustrated by the alarm going off when a burglar tries to enter and the police are called. Peace of mind and security are so shown as the positive consequence. 6. How can climate be used to create an effective ad? Humor is an excellent appeal for getting and keeping someones attention. Humor is used in about 30% of television and radio ads. Humor causes individuals to stop what they are doing, watch, laugh at, and then remember the ad. In recall tests, consumers around often remembered humorous ads over ads with other types of appeals. The best results derive when the humor is machine-accessible naturally with the product.Advantages Humor piques consumer interest. Humor increases recall and comprehension of ads. Humor elevates mickles moods, and if people feel good about an ad, they will tend to think positively about the brand beingness advertised. Problems occur when th e humor is offensive or overpowers the message. To prevent the humor from overpowering the message, the humor should focus on the product and not hold water alone. Humor is rooted in culture and so what is extra mediocre in one country is not in all likelihood to be funny in another. Good humor that is remembered and that is connected with the brand is rocky to achieve. . Why does sex play such a prominent role in advertising? Sex appeals are often used to break advertising clutter. The use of sex appeals has change magnitude in the United States and in many other countries. The problem is that sex appeals may not carry the impact they used to because children are growing up exposed to cozy themes all around them. As a result, many advertisers are moving to more subtle sexual clues and a softer sexual approach. 8. How can unison, rationality, and scarcity be used to increase advertising effectiveness? Music is an important part of advertising.It connects with emotions and g enerates memories. It has intrusive value and gets attention. Music increases the retention of visual reading. It produces higher recall scores and can increase persuasiveness. Music tends to be stored in long-term memory and consumers often tie a particular music or song with a particular brand of product. Music appeals offer a number of advantages. Consumers start an affinity with existing songs so when an existing song is used, consumers have already heard it and most have developed emotions with it. Brand awareness, brand equity, and brand loyalty become easier with music appeals.One reason mcgarrybowen sent a creative brief to musicians and asked them to write a song is that to purchase the rights to current everyday songs can be extremely expensive. Musicians have become more open to writing and performing songs for ads. It is a way to be heard. Songs are often posted on YouTube and other orders. Occasionally, the full song version of a pedigree written for an ad will bec ome popular and move to radio stations and other popular outlets for music. Rational appeals are establish on the hierarchy of effects model and the sequence of steps adumbrate in the model. It implies active processing of information.Rational appeals work best for print ads where longer copy can be inserted and online where thither is very little limit to what copy can be inserted. Rational appeals are unwashed in business-to-business ads, again in print media, especially trade publications. When members of the purchasing center are meddlesome for information, ads using rationale appeals can be effective. Rationale appeals work well for complex and high enfolding products. If a person processes the information in a rationale ad, it is excellent at changing attitudes. scarcity appeals recommend consumers to make a purchase now because of some type of limitation.Often that limitation is limited supplying so the product must be purchased before they are all gone. It can be based on limited time. You altogether have 5 days or one week, or proficient one hour. Scarcity appeals are often tied to other promotions such as contests, sweepstakes, and coupons. The concept is to foster customers to take action, now, and not wait, or it will be in addition late. 9. What are the primary surface areas of concern in international advertising? Chapter7 1. How are the three main types of message strategies used to increase advertising effectiveness? Cognitive message dodge presents rational arguments or pieces of information to consumers. ) Generic cognitive message strategy promotes a products attributes or benefits in a straight forward manner without any claims of superiority. This ad for Koestler Granite and Marble uses a generic strategy. Generic message strategies can stimulate brand awareness. It can also strive to make the brand synonymous with the brand category. b) Preemptive cognitive message strategy makes a claim of superiority based on a products spe cific attribute or benefit with the intent of preventing the competition from making the same claim. This advertisement for Waterfront Grill uses a preemptive message strategy.An effective preemptive message strategy can occur when a union is the low gear to state an advantage or benefit. c) Unique exchange proposition message strategy focuses on a testable claim of uniqueness or superiority. d) Comparative cognitive message strategy focuses on a handle or indirect comparison to a competing brand. The brand can be real, mentioned, or fictitious. The advantage of relative ads is that they tend to capture attention. Brand awareness and message awareness tend to be higher. The negative is that they can be less believable and can create a negative attitude.This is most likely to occur when a negative comparison approach is used in the ad, downgrading the competing brand. If the consumer does not believe the ad, then impromptu trait transference can occur, which is placing the nega tive trait on the advertised brand instead of the competitor. It is important to choose competitors wisely in making comparisons. Advertisements that invoke feelings or emotions are affective message strategies. These messages set about to get up the likeability of a product, recall of the message, and comprehension of the message. ) Resonance advertising connects a product with a consumers possesss from the past in order to develop a bond with the brand. Often, advertisers will use music from that contemporaries to create that emotional bond. b) Emotional messages attempt to elicit emotions that will lead to product recall and choice. many an(prenominal) different emotions can be connected with a product. Emotional messages are used in both consumer and business-to-business advertising. Affective message strategies help develop brand equity by means of creating an emotional bond with the brand.Conative message strategies are designed to lead directly to some type of action or response. a) Action-inducing conative ads encourage consumers (or businesses) to act in some way, to do something. It can be to make an inquiry or access a mesh site for more information. b) Promotional support conative messages are tied with some type of promotion. It may be a coupon, a contest, or a sweepstake. 2. How do the main types of executional frameworks help to deliver theatrical role advertising messages? 3. What types of sources or spokespersons can be used in advertisements or commercials? Advertisers have four choices Celebrities The most common type of spokesperson is the celebrity. They are featured in about 6% of all ads. A celebrity can enhance brand equity and create emotional bonds with the brand. Celebrities are more effective with younger consumers than with older individuals. Athletes are a popular category of spokespersons. Celebrity spokespersons can be used to establish a brands personality. Categories of celebrity Un salaried celebrity endorsements will sometimes occur with a charity or cause. When celebrities endorse a cause and are not being paid for the endorsement, they carry a high level of credibility.Celebrity voice-overs are used because of the quality of their voice. Sometimes it is because the voice can be recognized and will influence consumers. At other times the voice-over is a distraction because consumers fix too much attention to the voice and dont hear the brand message. The last category, light celebrities is somewhat controversial. It is becoming more common because they cant use up negative publicity to themselves or the brand. CEO CEOs can be used as spokespersons. They work well if they are highly megascopic and personable. They can be a major asset to a company.They work especially well for topical anesthetic companies where consumers in that area know them personally, or at least have met them. Expert spokespersons should be experts in their fields. They then serve as an authoritative figure and can pr ovide expert opinions. Typical persons It can be either paid actors who portray a typical person, or it can be everyday, ordinary people. 4. What process is used to create advertisements? While a creative may not draw a means-end chain out as was illustrated in this text, the creative will consider the products attribute, benefits, and the values it can fulfill.Decisions then must be made about the leverage point, the appeal, the message strategy and the execution. Finally, if a spokesperson is going to be used, the path and client will need to decide who it will be. Visual consistency across ads and across campaigns allows consumers to quickly identify an advertisement and a brand. Campaign duration is continuously an issue. From a cost perspective, clients call for a campaign to last a long time. But, wear-out occurs and then ads are ignored. Timing for new campaigns is difficult to determine. Taglines repeated in ads helps tie campaigns together and identify a brand.It is impo rtant to use consistent stead to avoid ambiguity and confusion. If at all possible, keep it simple. Use only one identifiable selling point. Dont overwhelm consumers with too much information or too many benefits. Lastly, create ads that flow and are visually appealing. 5. What are the principles of advertising effectiveness? Producing effective ads requires the joint exploits of the client and agency personnel. This slide lists some important principles to follow. Visual consistency across ads and across campaigns allows consumers to quickly identify an advertisement and a brand. Campaign duration is forever an issue.From a cost perspective, clients want a campaign to last a long time. But, wear-out occurs and then ads are ignored. Timing for new campaigns is difficult to determine. Taglines repeated in ads helps tie campaigns together and identify a brand. It is important to use consistent positioning to avoid ambiguity and confusion. If at all possible, keep it simple. Use onl y one identifiable selling point. Dont overwhelm consumers with too much information or too many benefits. Lastly, create ads that flow and are visually appealing. 6. How are advertising syllabuss castigateed to fit international circumstances?Chapter8 conventional Media Channels 1. What is a media strategy? Media strategy involves analyzing and choosing media for an advertising and promotions campaign. Choosing the best media to speak to potential customers is a challenge. It involves co-ordinated a target audience to the media audience of specific programs. 2. What elements and individuals are involved in media cooking? Media planning begins with a careful analysis of the target trade. It involves understanding the process they use in making purchases, the consumer behavior events that guide those choices.It involves studying the media choices the target market makes and understanding their listening and viewing habits. To match the media to the target market requires underst anding the target market. Components of media plan merchandise analysis provides a comprehensive review of the market program and where advertising fits into the plan. An advertising analysis states the primary advertising strategy and budget to be used, as well as the advertising objectives. The media strategy spells out the media to be used and the creative considerations. The media schedule notes when ads will bulge out in individual media vehicles.The media planning concludes with a justification and summary of the media plan. Individual involved Media planners work most with the creative staff, the account executive, account planners, and media buyers. Media buyers actually purchase the space and negotiate rates for ads. Placement is important and is part of the media buyers responsibility to ensure a good location for ads. look into has shown there is little connection between the size of the agency and the price negotiated. Being a large agency does not guarantee lower p rices. A spot ad is a one-time placement of an advertisement.The rates are negotiated individually with television stations and as a result prices vary considerably. The effectiveness of media buyers is determined by the quality of the media choice, the creativity of the media buyer in negotiating and placing ads, financial stewardship of the buyer, the agencys culture and track platter in buying media, and in the relationships the media buyer develops with the media reps. 3. How do the terms used to describe advertising help the trade team design effective campaigns? * Reach Number in target audience exposed, typically 4-week period * Frequency Average number of exposures Opportunities to see (OTS) Cumulative exposures, Placements x frequency * Gross military rank points (GRPs) Measures impact of intensity of media plan, Vehicle rating x OTS (number of insertions) * personifys Cost per thousand (CPM), CPM allows for cost comparisons * Ratings and Cost per Rating Point (CPRP) Ra tings measure percent of target market exposed by medium, CPRP allows for comparison across media, Cost of media buy / vehicles rating, Weighted CPM * Continuity Continuous campaign, Pulsating campaign, Flighting (or discontinuous) campaign * Impressions Gross impressions chalk up audience exposed to ad 4.What are some of the primary advertising objectives? The three-exposure supposition was introduced by Herbert Krugman. The hypothesis states that it takes at least 3 exposures to an ad for it to have an effect. It also is based on the idea that advertising has intrusion value, which is viewers will pay attention to an ad even if they dont want to. Most advertisers feel three exposures are not enough and that advertising today does not always display intrusion value.Consumers have selective attention and focus. They pay attention to only certain ads. correspond to recency theory, one ad exposure may be enough if the person has an interest in that product or for some other reason pays attention to the ad and suggests advertising needs to be continuous since most of the time ads are ignored and increasing exposure through adding march on is more important than adding frequency.Effective reach is the percent of the audience that must be exposed to an advertisement to achieve a specific objective. Effective frequency is the number of times and audience must be exposed to an advertisement to achieve a specific objective. If there are too few ads or reach is too low, then the campaign is not effective. If the ads are seen too many times then resources are being wasted. The size and placement of ads impact exposure and impact effective reach and effective frequency.Advertisers today have computer models that will help them optimize media schedules. 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with each of the traditional advertising media? TV Advantages heights reach, lavishly frequency potential, Low cost per contact, Quality creative opportunities , proud intrusion value, Segmentation possibilities through cable outlets Disadvantages Greater clutter, Channel surfing during commercials, Short mount of copy, High cost per ad, Low recall due to clutter Radio Advantages Lower cost per spot than television, Low production cost, Music can match stations programming, High segmentation potential, Flexibility in making new ads, adequate to(p) to modify ads to fit local conditions, Intimacy (with DJs and radio personalities), Creative opportunities with music and other sounds, Mobile people carry radios everywhere Disadvantages Short exposure time, Low attention, few chances to reach national audience, Target duplicate when several stations use same format Outdoor Advantages Large, spectacular ads possible, Able to select geographical areas, Accessible for local ads, Low cost per impression, Broad reach, High frequency on major transpose routes Disadvantages Legal limitations, Short exposure time, Brief messages, Little segmentati on possible, Cluttered travel routes Magazine Advantages High market segmentation, Targeted audience interest by magazine, High color quality, Long life, Direct response techniques, evince during leisure time, Longer attention to ads Disadvantages Long lead time for ads, little flexibility, High cost, High level of clutter, Declining readership Newspaper Advantages Priority for local ads, Coupons and special-response features, High credibility, Strong audience interest, longer copy/message possible, High flexibility, Cumulative volume discounts Disadvantages Major clutter, Short life span, Poor quality reproduction, Limited audience, Poor buying procedures 6. How can the merchandising team use the media mix to increase advertising effectiveness? * Selecting the proper run low of media outlets for advertisements is crucial. The work of media planners is especially important. It is their task to match target markets with media audiences, to know what media a specific target market u ses. The media multiplier effect suggests that combining two or more media increases the impact of an advertising campaign more than any one medium by itself. This is true in both the consumer market and the B-to-B market. 7.What are the key issues associated with media selection for business-to-business markets? * B-to-B ads looking more like consumer ads * Reasons for shift * Decision makers also consumers * Decision makers difficult to reach * Clutter in B-to-B traditional media * Increase in advertising through consumer media * Trade publications still important * Same with Business magazines 8. What issues are associated with media selection in international markets? * Media importance varies. * Media viewing habits vary across countries. * Media buying is different. * Cultural mores vary. Chapter9 E-active Marketing 1. What is e-active market? It combines the two major components of e-commerce and interactive marketing.E-commerce consists of click-only operations that sell o nly if online and bricks-and-clicks that operate both a retail store and are online. E-commerce is being conducted in both the consumer vault of heaven and the B-to-B sector. Interactive marketing is the development of marketing programs that create two-part communication theory and enhance engagement of consumers with the brand. The network is the ideal medium for interactive marketing. It can track activity, where a person goes and what they do. It can personalize messages. The emphasis of interactive marketing is two-fold to target individuals and to engage consumers. 2. How had Web 2. 0 affected the field of marketing communication theory? * Companies shifting dollars to online communication Changes consumer communications and fundamental interactions with companies * Pushing to real-time communications * Instant communications and instant gain * Instant response to negative events 3. How can e-commerce programs and bonuss build a stronger customer base and overcome cust omer concerns at the same time? E-commerce component Catalogs * Easy to use * P tempestuousos, streaming videos, information * Match store and printed catalog * Sears Shop Your Way * Products not in store or printed catalog * Choose where to purchase Shopping carts * Allows consumers to select products * Save or Wish button * Shoppers abandoning obtain cart Payment systems * Easy, quick, and genial * Multiple methods * B-to-B voucher or charge systemStore locators * Customers who want to pick up an item at the store. Customization * Customers prefer * Promotions from Web site * Access via mobile phone Customer reviews and feedback * Emerging trend * Provides opportunity for interaction * Provides level of confidence Financial incentives can persuade an individual or business to make that first purchase. The most effective financial incentives are reduced prices, free transit, and e-coupons. Of the three incentives, 80% of shoppers say they prefer free shipping. Financial incenti ves must be meaningful and to generate return traffic to the site the incentive needs to be changed periodically.Online operations can offer financial incentives because of cheaper operational be. The company has lower shipping costs since customers most of the time pay shipping. There are lower labor and personnel costs since there is no retail operation. Orders can be shipped directly from the warehouse to customers. Convenience incentives make the online shopping determine easier and encourage return visits. E-commerce is available 24/7. People can place orders at anytime from anywhere. It is important to have product information online so consumers can conduct research anytime. Online peer reviews are face-saving and in the Web 2. 0 are expected. If consumers can compare brands online, that makes it easier for them.Value-added incentives encourage customers to come back to an e-commerce site, and change purchasing habits long-term. Value-added incentives are things that cust omers value. 4. What makes e-commerce a crucial part of business-to-business commerce? E-commerce is critical in the business-to-business sector. Many business transactions are conducted over the Web. The number of hits at a business site is directly think to expenditures in offline advertising and sales promotion offers. The incentives to gain business customers are the same as for consumer customers financial, convenience, and value-added incentives. A major component of B-to-B e-commerce is online exchanges and auctions.These sites allow for bidding for materials and supplies, and can connect buyers and sellers. 5. How can interactive marketing and online advertising increase brand awareness, sales, and customer loyalty? Interactive marketing is the development of marketing programs that create two-way communications and enhance engagement of consumers with the brand. The Internet is the ideal medium for interactive marketing. It can track activity, where a person goes and what they do. It can personalize messages. The emphasis of interactive marketing is two-fold to target individuals and to engage consumers. Steps in developing interactive marketing a) Cultivate an attitude of giving b) Gain trust ) Identify your one word brand d) Define your ultimate vision e) Choose your communication channels f) Evaluate and adjust Online advertising is effective if ads are placed on the right Websites and the messages resonate with individuals. Budgets for online advertising have increased in recent years and will touch to increase. One reason for the shift to online advertising is the rhythmic pattern available to measure results. Online metrics provide for almost instant measurements of results. A company can see how many hits an ad produces and even what percent make a purchase. Types of online advertising * Display or waft ad * Classified ads * Search advertising Media/video ads 6. How can brand spiraling and blogs generate positive outcomes for the marketin g department? Brand spiraling is the use of traditional media to promote and attract people to a Web site. With direct mail and e-mail, companies can use PURLs, which are personalized URLs that are preloaded with personal and customized information for that consumer. Best results are obtained when online advertising is integrated with offline advertising. Blogs are online musings, written content put on the Web for others to read. Blogs provide a venue for people to guggle online and can generate considerable online buzz, especially for hot topics.A survey of online users found that about 47% go to mixer networks to download coupons and search for information about products. About 45% access social networks to learn about upcoming sales and to obtain discounts on products. About 22% read or write a product review on a blog. 7. Why have online social networks, consumer-generated advertising and reviews, e-mail, and viral marketing become key components of marketing communications p rograms? a) Important component of interactive strategy * Integrate with other channels * Resemble information on Web site b) Using Web analytics to direct e-mail campaign * Individuals who visit Web site * Individuals who abandon shopping cart * Targeted e-mails have higher conversion rates ) E-mail newsletters * Build brand awareness * Drive Web traffic * Customers sign up for newsletters * Provide value * Free subscription * pertain with Web site Viral marketing is the passing along of a marketing message to others in some way. It can be through an e-mail or on a blog. It is form of line endorsement. Viral messages can be advertisements, hyperlinks to promotions, online newsletters, streaming videos, or games. 8. How can e-active marketing be conducted successfully in international markets? A major advantage of E-active marketing is that it can be global. It doesnt matter where the customer is or where the company is located.But, a number of e-commerce businesses do not take ad vantage of global customers. exile can be an issue. It may be difficult and expensive to ship a product to japan or India. Payment methods also vary widely, but can be handled through companies such as PayPal. Communication can be an issue, although many people can read English. Technology is important to consider. Videos that play well with broadband connections may not work well in other countries with slower speeds. Chapter10 substitute marketing 1. How can buzz marketing, guerilla marketing, lifestyle marketing, and experiential marketing enhance a marketing communications program?Buzz Marketing Buzz marketing emphasizes consumers passing along information about a product and since it is word-of-mouth from an individual, it has a higher level of credibility. Methods of generating buzz are through consumers who use and truly like a brand uses it is the ideal brand ambassador. They can spread buzz through personal conversations with people and also online through chat rooms, blo gs, and e-mails, consumers who are protagonisted to talk about a brand It works best when the person likes the brand and uses it. Companies normally offer some type of incentive in exchange for the positive advocacy. It can be cash, but most of the time is merchandise.Selection of brand ambassadors is based on a persons devotion to a brand and the size of their social circle. Since the idea is to talk to their friends and other people, the size of the social influence is important. They are expected to design their own grassroots effort on how they will promote the brand. Many will use low-cost marketing events and even online social networks. Although the individual is being patronageed, the key for success is that they are genuine and do believe in the product being pitched, and a company or agency generating buzz high risk strategy, especially if the person doesnt identify himself as an employee and the public finds out.The Word of Mouth Marketing Association (WOMMA) suggests t hree principles to follow for any type of buzz marketing campaign. 1) Be honest about the relationship you have with the company and what you get for being a sponsor. 2) Be honest with your opinion. Dont say just what the sponsor company wants you to day. 3) Be honest about your identity. Guerilla marketing developed by Jay Conrad Levinson. It is designed to bring instant results with low-cost, unique marketing methods. Guerilla marketing focuses on a region or area and involves interacting with consumers in a unique and different way. The goal is to create excitement and to generate buzz.It is often connected with grassroots efforts to launch a brand or to market a product. Often alternative media are used. Reasons for using guerilla marketing * To find new ways to communicate with customers * To interact with customers * To make advertising accessible to consumers * To impact a spot market * To create buzz * To build relationships with consumers Lifestyle marketing involves identi fying marketing methods associated with the hobbies, entertainment, and lives of the target audience. It involves making contact with consumers were they go for relaxations, excitement, socialization, and enjoyment. The idea is to intersect with consumers during their daily lives.For instance, A/X Armani Exchange reaches young consumers through sponsoring and setting up booths at music festivals and fashion shows. Experiential marketing is the intersection of direct marketing, field marketing, and sales promotions. Its basic premise is increasing the experience of direct marketing through an interactive connection. Rather than just pass out samples, make it an experience the consumer will remember. nickelodeon used experiential marketing with their Slime Across American Tour. Steps to take positive experience * Clear, concise target segment * Identify right time, right place * ingest emotionally * Engage logically * Clearly reveal brands promise . What methods can be used to effec tively employ product placements and branded entertainment? Product placement is a planned insertion in a movie, television show, book or other forms of entertainment. It has been used since the 1890s, but only recently has bighearted in popularity. The biggest surge in product placement came in 1982 with E. T. and Reeses Pieces. The placement of the Reeses Pieces in the movie spurred a 65% increase in sales following the movies release. Research has found that product placement increases awareness of the brand, creates a more positive attitude towards the brand, but does not have any immediate impact on sales.From a cost standpoint, product placement has a low cost per viewer of impressions. A primary advantage is that the impressions do not stop with the movie. afterward the movie has played in theaters it goes to DVD movie rentals, to pay-per-view television, then to the movie channels on television. brand entertainment is the integration of the entertainment and advertising by embedding the brand into the storyline of the movie, TV show, or other entertainment medium. The use of branded entertainment increased sharply with the rise of TV reality shows. It is also now found in novels, plays, songs and movies. For successful product placement and branded entertainment, choosing the right media is important.It helps when other promotional materials are produced that reinforce or remind individuals of the brand and even the placement. Product placement and branded entertainment work because there is no call to action, so consumers tend to have a positive attitude towards the brand. Some consumers are more receptive than others. People ages 15 to 34 are more likely to notice product placements and be more receptive to them. Sometimes product placements allow companies to bypass regulations and get their products in front of their intended audience. Reasons for increased spending * Appeal stronger in non-advertising context * Perception of what others think is important * Provides post-purchase reassurance * Reach individuals who place little value on brands . How have in store marketing and point-of-purchase displays evolved into even more effective communications and sales tools? Store marketing point The in-store shopping experience has a major impact on purchase decisions. It is the make or break time in terms of a decision to purchase a particular brand. In-store advertising seeks to engage customers. The most act forms of advertising are end-aisle displays and merchandise displays. The least engaging are ceiling banners and overhead mobiles. Using color, light, sound, taste, and life increases engagement. Effective point-of-purchase * Integrate the brands image into the display. Integrate the display with current advertising and promotions. * pull the display dramatic to get attention. * Keep the color of the display down so the product and signage stand out. * create the display versatile so it can be easily adapted by retaile rs. * Make the display re-usable and easy to assemble. * Make the display easy to stock. * Customize the display to fit the retailers store. 4. How can brand communities enhance brand loyalty and devotion? Brand communities are the ultimate in brand loyalty and brand devotion. It offers symbolic meaning and provides for interaction between the brand, consumers, and companies that participate. People join because they have shared values and experiences.Brand communities cannot be created by brands or companies. It has to be customer driven. But, brands can enhance the conjunction and provide a richer brand community experience. Reasons People join a brand community as an affirmation of their buying decision. It provides social identity and bond with fellow brand owners. They can trade in stores, swap advice and provide help to each other and to new members. It provides a venue for feedback and new ideas. Ways to enhance a brand community * Create benefits to encourage new customers to join. * Provide materials not available anywhere else. * Involve firm representatives in the groups. * Sponsor special events and regular meetings. Promote communications among members. * Build a strong brand reputation. 5. What methods are used to adapt alternative marketing programs to international marketing efforts? Companies can enhance a brand community. Companies can create benefits for individuals to encourage them to participate and join in the brand community. Materials and items not available to the public can be provided to members. Representatives from the firm can become involved and sponsor events and meetings. They can encourage and provide an avenue for members to communicate with each other. It is also important for the company to continue its strong brand name and maintain its reputation.