Social control, discipline and regulation

M each more than serious abuses such as large scale tax evasion which costs the g everywherenment a lot of money, atomic number 18 often overlooked and are seldom prosecuted. oer prison term some uprightnesss which are no longer relevant are disseminated and other effects become criminals. These change with innovative governments and societal and culture changes. In 1967 the Sexual Offences Act was introduced which made it illegal in Britain for men of any age to eat consensual sex together. Over time federation has come to accept risible relationships and so in turn the integrity surrounding gay couples has also relaxed.In 2005 civil partnerships were introduced to give gay couples same rights to married couples and the current government Is looking at making gay marriages legal. If pervert behavior confabulatems to seemly more common, such as population carrying weapons then new legislations are put in channelise or existing legislations are updated and more hars h penalties are put in place to deter criminals and reduce crimes and visitation. Travis Hirsh (1969) through his brotherly bond formation tries to explain why some people dont tear crime. He argues the motility Why do they do it? Is not a question the checker theory is signed to answer.The crucial question he says is Why dont we do it? 1. Hirsh identified four main characteristics or social bonds which explain conformity. The more a psyche features these characteristics the less(prenominal) likely they are to become deviant or criminal. Attachment to family and friends he seen as the most Important factor In his social bond theory, this influence hold ups our norms, values and conscience. If we did not dish out about how we were perceived by our family and friends then we would be free to act deviant. Commitment to achievement Is another actor, this refers to how much effort, time and money a person puts into a special activity.A person such as a doctor who has spent a lot of time, effort and money on educating themselves is less likely to become deviant because a criminal eternalize could result in them losing their job. Involvement in conventional activities leaves a person with less time to think about or get bear on in deviant activities. Belief refers to the strength of our burdenment to a particular belief. There are variations in our beliefs the less a person call backs he should follow the looms the more likely he is to elate them. A comment of Hirers work would be to ask why people commit crime.This assumes that law abiding behavior is natural and that the majority of people do not commit crimes. In some sub cultures deviant behavior is the norm, children born(p) Into this kind of culture and grow up breaking the law because It Is normal to them. Walsh does not explain this kind of behavior. When crimes are committed the judicial establishment uses different forms of penalty or social command. This is used to law. Harsh forms o f social control are imprison housement or even death in some countries. A softer form of social control is things like fines and lodge service.In Michel mental facultys book, Discipline and Punishment, he looks at the birth of the prison and how the penal schema has changed from. In the 17th pennyury the forms of punishment were brutal creation tortures, humiliations, hangings and executions which centre on hurting the physical bole. This triggered many riots in sympathy and support for the convict the public were against these cruel methods of punishment which were also inconsistent. clevernesss believes this form of punishment was to show the power of the state instead than to act as deterrence.Prisons were freshman introduced in the 18th century as a result of the public protests for punishment without torture. Prisons focused punishment on the souls and minds of prisoners as the mind was straightaway seen as more valu fitted and the body was seen as Just a machine con trolled by the mind. This new form of make up and punishment was able to control and manage the prisoner at all times rather than short bursts of bodily torture which was previously used. The prison became more than a place where offenders were deprived and became a place where discipline could be instilled.Faculty cut this as abuse of power, its main purpose would have been, an attempt to domesticize the criminal in the hope that upon his release he would be less likely to refined and become a contributing member of fiat. Faculty believes that detention causes recidivism and states, those leaving prison have more chance of leaving back to it a very senior high proportion, up to 38 per cent of inmates were convicted again 2. If prisons worked then they would be empty. Jeremy Beneath a utilitarian philosopher was raise in the design of prisons. He designed a circular prison which he called the Pontific.It had a central tower so prison officers had a 360 view and could see into all of the cells at all times. The inmates could not see into the central tower and so never knew if they were being watched. The exact pattern was never built but it did have some impact on how future prisons were designed. Faculty said that constant lapse and forced discipline broke the will of the criminal and made him into a docile body which is easily controlled by people in authority. This was then ideal for the new economics, politics and warfare of modern industrial society.It enslaves us to a vivification of government controlled discipline. Critiques of Faculty have focused mainly on his ideas of attempt for self-freedom from the disciplines of society, believing that people should be unique individuals and be their true self. He does not explain this in depth nor does he explain how it fits in with society. Edward W Said states other critics of Faculty argue he did not go in depth when explaining the struggle between individuality and society. Faculty did not give a purpose for the struggle or a goal to be obtained. Why should complete individuality be the last purpose in life? For Faculty there seems to be no focal mint, but rather an endless network of relations (Ho, 1986 55). If a person were to believe Facultys idea then following any rule of society would be submitting to the discipline of society. The anti-institutional consensus of the sasss refers to a cultural endeavour that veritable in the United States and England. The baby boom children from the sasss were growing up in the sasss. The growing consciousness of a younger generation may have led to a shift in perspectives on societal wrongdoings. passage relations, womens rights and differing interpretations of the American Dream.People questioned the legitimacy of the state and started to challenge authority, this resulted in boycotts, marches, protests, sit-ins and riots. Along with medicate use and sexual liberation, criminality rocketed. The role of women as full time homemak ers in industrial society was challenged in 1963, giving way to the womens movement and influencing a second wave in feminism. The availability of birth control was the foundation of the sexual liberation. The idea of recreational sex without the threat of unwanted pregnancies changed society as it allowed men a women greater freedom outside traditional marriage.With this change in attitude, the amount of children born outside wedlock in the I-J rose from 8% in 1971 to nearly 45 % in 2007 3. This counterculture of the sasss influenced Governments to reconsideration criminal acts. There were changes in human rights and laws were put in place to tackle discrimination between men and women. From 1967 abortion became legal, and women became able to break their husbands when the Divorce Reform Act came into force in 1969. John Breathiest, an Australian criminologist recognizes that the current criminal justice system labels and astigmatisms offenders, making crime problems worse.He loo ks at the relationship between crime and social reactions in his book Crime, disconcert and Reintegration. He believes a soda pop jurist system to be more impressive than a punitive Justice system which enables offenders and victims to come together. He suggests the key to crime control is cultural shaming and making the offender disembodied spirit remorse for what he has done. Breathiest identifies two types of shaming. Disintegrative shaming is where the offender is stigmatize and excluded from society, becoming labeled along with his behavior.Reintegrating shaming is where criminal behavior is condemned rather than the offender. He is unbroken within society and is shown forgiveness through words or gestures. Breathiest argues that crime rates are higher in places where disintegrative shaming is used. His hypothesis is that in societies where there is a strong commitment to place collective interests over individual interest there are stronger incentives for people to confor m and frown crime rates. He uses the example of Japan which is highly urbanites and densely dwell we would assume that crime rates would be high.Arrest rates are high UT prosecution rates are low. Cultural factors play an important role, honor and pride within Japanese families is very important so bringing shame upon the family is a deterrent to committing crimes. These traditions date back to the Samurai Warriors who would go across upon their own swords (Hair Kari) to prevent bringing shame upon their families. Japanese parents often commit suicide when their children commit serious crimes as they cannot cope with the shame and quality partly responsible. It is hard to compare the I-J with societies such as Japan which is a more equal society and less diverse.In the I-J the Home Office gave legislative endorsement to these ideas in 1998 Crime and Disorder Act and the 1999 Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act reflecting the definition of restorative Justice as restoration, reintegration and responsibility 4. All kinds of initiatives that attempt to bring the victim and the offender together now carries the label restorative. Rock (1990) described the restorative system as a dead duck so it is interesting to reflect upon the plow whereby it gained its current status. Daly (2002) discusses in detail the that the current punitive Justice system to be ineffective.Prisons in England are currently close to full capacity, if they were effective they would be empty. Inmates are reportedly more likely to become recidivists and commit new crimes that they have learnt from other inmates. This causes greater problems for the Government when it comes to tackling crime. I believe that Michel Faculty is right in the sense that imprisonment, along with constant supervision and discipline is an abuse of power. John Barbiturates work on a restorative Justice system could be beneficial to some offenders, victims and more importantly society as a whole.